Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 174, Issue 2 , Pages 158-161 , 30 November 2009

Heterogeneity of non-conscious fear perception in posttraumatic stress disorder as a function of physiological arousal: An fMRI study

  • Andrew H. Kemp

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
    • Discipline of Psychological Medicine and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. The School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building (A18), University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 93517585; fax: +61 2 9036 5223.
    • ,
  • Kim L. Felmingham

      Affiliations

    • Discipline of Psychological Medicine and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Erin Falconer

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Belinda J. Liddell

      Affiliations

    • Discipline of Psychological Medicine and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Richard A. Bryant

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Leanne M. Williams

      Affiliations

    • Discipline of Psychological Medicine and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia

Received 29 April 2008 ,Revised 24 March 2009 ,Accepted 27 April 2009.

References 

  1. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, et al. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995;8:75–90
  2. Bremner JD, Staib LH, Kaloupek D, Southwick SM, Soufer R, Charney DS. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45:806–816
  3. Bryant RA, Kemp AH, Felmingham KL, Liddell B, Olivieri G, Peduto A, et al. Enhanced amygdala and medial prefrontal activation during nonconscious processing of fear in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping. 2008;29:517–523
  4. Felmingham K, Kemp AH, Williams L, Falconer E, Olivieri G, Peduto A, et al. Dissociative responses to conscious and non-conscious fear impact underlying brain function in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine. 2008;38:1771–1780
  5. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. In: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis 1 Disorders (SCID). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1997;
  6. Frewen PA, Lanius RA. Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, dissociation, and emotional numbing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;1071:110–124
  7. Ganzel B, Casey BJ, Glover G, Voss HU, Temple E. The aftermath of 9/11: effect of intensity and recency of trauma on outcome. Emotion. 2007;7:227–238
  8. Ganzel BL, Kim P, Glover GH, Temple E. Resilience after 9/11: multimodal neuroimaging evidence for stress-related change in the healthy adult brain. Neuroimage. 2008;40:788–795
  9. Liddell BJ, Brown KJ, Kemp AH, Barton MJ, Das P, Peduto A, et al. A direct brainstem-amygdala-cortical ‘alarm’ system for subliminal signals of fear. Neuroimage. 2005;24:235–243
  10. Maldjian JA, Laurienti PJ, Kraft RA, Burdette JH. An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage. 2003;19:1233–1239
  11. Ohman A, Soares JJ. “Unconscious anxiety”: phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994;103:231–240
  12. Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA, Wedig MM, McMullin K, Martis B, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:273–281
  13. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 2002;15:273–289

PII: S0925-4927(09)00112-7

doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.04.012

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 174, Issue 2 , Pages 158-161 , 30 November 2009

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