Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 173, Issue 1 , Pages 8-14 , 15 July 2009

Principal component analysis in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease — A novel approach to clinical diagnosis

  • Marco Pagani

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome & Padua, Italy
    • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR Via S.Martino della Battaglia 44, 00185 Rome, Italy. Tel.: +39 06 44595321; fax: +39 06 44595243.
  • ,
  • Dario Salmaso

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome & Padua, Italy
  • ,
  • Guido Rodriguez

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neurophysiology, Departmentt of Endocrinological and Medical Sciences, S. Martino Hospital and University of Genoa, Italy
  • ,
  • Davide Nardo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuroscience, AFaR, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Flavio Nobili

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neurophysiology, Departmentt of Endocrinological and Medical Sciences, S. Martino Hospital and University of Genoa, Italy

Received 14 June 2007 ,Revised 11 July 2008 ,Accepted 11 July 2008.

References 

  1. Andersson JLR, Thurfjell L. Implementation and validation of a fully automatic system for intra- and inter-individual registration of PET brain scans. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1997;21:136–144
  2. Bartenstein P, Minoshima S, Hirsch C, Buch K, Willoch F, Mösch D, et al. Quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease by SPECT. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1997;38:1095–1101
  3. Bonte FJ, Weiner MF, Bigio EH, White CL. Brain blood flow in the dementias, SPECT with histopathologic correlation in 54 patients. Radiology. 1997;202:793–797
  4. Borroni B, Anchisi D, Paghera B, Vicini B, Kerrouche N, Garibotto V, et al. Combined 99mTc-ECD SPECT and neuropsychological studies in MCI for the assessment of conversion to AD. Neurobiology of Aging. 2006;27:24–31
  5. Chang LT. A method for attenuation correction in radionuclide computed tomography. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 1978;25:638–643
  6. Chételat G, Desgranges B, de la Sayette V, Viader F, Eustache F, Baron JC. Mild cognitive impairment. Can FDG-PET predict who is to rapidly convert to Alzheimer's disease?. Neurology. 2003;60:1374–1377
  7. Devanand DP, Habeck CG, Tabert MH, Scarmeas N, Pelton GH, Moeller JR, et al. PET network abnormalities and cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:1327–1334
  8. Devous MD. Functional brain imaging in the dementias: role in early detection, differential diagnosis, and longitudinal studies. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002;29:1685–1687
  9. Dougall NJ, Bruggink S, Ebmeier KP. Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in Dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2004;12:554–570
  10. Eidelberg D, Moeller JR, Dhawan V, Sidtis JJ, Ginos JZ, Strother SC, et al. The metabolic anatomy of Parkinson's disease: complementary (18F)fluorodeoxyglucose and (18F)fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies. Movement Disorders. 1990;5:203–213
  11. Eidelberg D, Moeller JR, Dhawan V, Spetsieris P, Takikawa S, Ishikawa T, et al. The metabolic topography of parkinsonism. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1994;14:783–801
  12. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975;12:189–198
  13. Friston KJ, Frith PF, Frackowiak SJ. Functional connectivity: the principal-component analysis of large (PET) data set. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1993;13:5–14
  14. Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Worsley KJ, Poline JP, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ. Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping. 1995;2:189–210
  15. Friston K, Phillips J, Chawla D, Buchel C. Revealing interactions among brain systems with nonlinear PCA. Human Brain Mapping. 1999;8:92–97
  16. Genna S, Smith AP. The development of ASPECT, an annular single crystal brain camera for high efficiency SPECT. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 1988;35:654–658
  17. Goethals I, Van De Wiele C, Slosman D, Dierckx R. Brain SPET perfusion in early Alzheimer's disease: where to look?. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002;29:975–978
  18. Greicius MD, Srivastava G, Reiss AL, Menon V. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:4637–4642
  19. Greitz T, Bohm C, Holte S, Eriksson L. A computerized brain atlas: construction, anatomical content, and some applications. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1991;15:26–38
  20. Habeck C, Krakauer JW, Ghez C, Sackeim HA, Eidelberg D, Stern Y, et al. A new approach to spatial covariance modeling of functional brain imaging data: ordinal trend analysis. Neural Computation. 2005;17:1602–1645
  21. Hirsch C, Bartenstein P, Minoshima S, Mösch D, Willoch F, Buch K, et al. Reduction of regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease: evaluation of an observer-independent analytic approach. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 1997;8:98–104
  22. Houston AS, Kemp PM, Macleod MA, Francis TJR, Colohan HA, Matthews HP. Use of significance image to determine patterns of cortical blood flow abnormality in pathological and at-risk Groups. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1998;39:425–430
  23. Hu D, Yan L, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Friston KJ, Tan C, et al. Unified SPM-ICA for fMRI analysis. Neuroimage. 2005;25:746–755
  24. Huang C, Eidelberg D, Habeck C, Moeller J, Svensson L, Tarabula T, et al. Imaging markers of mild cognitive impairment: multivariate analysis of CBF SPECT. Neurobiology of Aging. 2007;28:1062–1069
  25. Imran MB, Kawashima R, Awata S, Sato K, Kinomura S, Ono S, et al. Parametric mapping of cerebral blood flow deficits in Alzheimer's disease: a SPECT study using HMPAO and image standardization technique. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1999;40:244–249
  26. Jagust WJ, Eberling JL, Reed BR, Mathis CA, Budinger TF. Clinical studies of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997;826:254–262
  27. Jagust W, Thisted R, Devous MD, Van Heertum R, Mayberg H, Jobst K, et al. SPECT perfusion imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. A clinical-pathologic study. Neurology. 2001;56:950–956
  28. Jobst KA, Barnetson LP, Shepstone BJ. Accurate prediction of histologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and the differential diagnosis of dementia: the use of NINCDS-ADRDA and DMS-III criteria, SPECT, X-Ray CT and Apo E4 in medial temporal lobe dementias. Oxford project to investigate memory and aging. International Psychogeriatrics. 1998;10:271–302
  29. Jones K, Johnson KA, Becker JA, Spiers PA, Albert MS, Holman BL. Use of singular value decomposition to characterize age and gender differences in SPECT cerebral perfusion. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1998;39:965–973
  30. Kerrouche N, Herholz K, Mielke R, Holthoff V, Baron JC. 18FDG PET in vascular dementia: differentiation from Alzheimer's disease using voxel-based multivariate analysis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2006;26:1213–1221
  31. Kogure D, Matsuda H, Ohnishi T, Asada T, Uno M, Kunihiro T, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of early Alzheimer's disease using Spect. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2000;41:1155–1162
  32. Lozza C, Baron JC, Eidelberg D, Mentis MJ, Carbon M, Marie RM. Executive processes in Parkinson's disease: FDG-PET and network analysis. Human Brain Mapping. 2004;22:236–245
  33. Matsuda H, Kitayama N, Ohnishi T, Asada T, Nakano S, Sakamoto S, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of both morphologic and functional changes in the same individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2002;43:304–311
  34. McIntosh AR, Bookstein FL, Haxby JV, Grady CL. Spatial pattern analysis of functional brain images using partial least squares. Neuroimage. 1996;3:143–157
  35. McKeith IG, Perry EK, Perry RH. Report of the second dementia with Lewy body international workshop: diagnosis and treatment. Consortium on Dementia with Lewy Bodies.. Neurology. 1999;53:902–905
  36. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–944
  37. Minoshima S, Giordani B, Berent S, Frey KA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's Disease. Annals of Neurology. 1997;42:85–94
  38. Moeller JR, Nakamura T, Mentis MJ, Dhawan V, Spetsieres P, Antonini A, et al. Reproducibility of regional metabolic covariance patterns: comparison of four populations. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1999;40:1264–1269
  39. Moeller JR, Strother SC, Sidtis JJ, Rottenberg DA. Scaled subprofile model: a statistical approach to the analysis of functional patterns in positron emission tomographic data. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1987;7:649–658
  40. Nobili F, Vitali P, Canfora M, Girtler N, De Leo C, Mariani G, et al. Effects of long-term Donepezil therapy on rCBF of Alzheimer's patients. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002;113:1241–1248
  41. Pagani M, Gardner A, Salmaso D, Sánchez-Crespo A, Jonsson C, Jacobsson H, et al. Principal component and volumes of interest analyses in depressed patients by 99m-Tc-HMPAO SPET — a methodological comparison. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2004;31:995–1004
  42. Pagani M, Salmaso D, Jonsson C, Hatherly R, Jacobsson H, Larsson SA, et al. Brain regional blood flow as assessed by principal component analysis and 99mTc-HMPAO SPET in healthy subjects at rest — normal distribution and effect of age and gender. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002;29:67–75
  43. Pett MA, Lackey NR, Sullivan JJ. Making Sense of Factor Analysis in Health Care Research: A Practical Guide. Sage Publications; 2003;
  44. Poulin P, Zakzanis KK. In vivo neuroanatomy of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from structural and functional brain imaging. Brain and Cognition. 2002;49:220–225
  45. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001;98:676–682
  46. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993;43:250–260
  47. Sackeim HA, Prohovnik I, Moeller JR, Mayeux R, Stern Y, Devanand DP. Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders. II. Comparison of major depression and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1993;34:1090–1101
  48. Salmon E, Kerrouche N, Herholz K, Perani D, Holthoff V, Beuthien-Baumann B, et al. Decomposition of metabolic brain clusters in the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage. 2006;30:871–878
  49. Salmon E, Kerrouche N, Perani D, Lekeu F, Holthoff V, Beuthien-Baumann B, et al. On the multivariate nature of brain metabolic impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging. 2009;30:186–197
  50. Salmon E, Sadzot B, Maquet P, Degueldre C, Lemaire C, Rigo P, et al. Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1994;35:391–398
  51. Scarmeas N, Habeck CG, Zarahn E, Anderson KE, Park A, Hilton J, et al. Covariance PET patterns in early Alzheimer's disease and subjects with cognitive impairment but no dementia: utility in group discrimination and correlations with functional performance. Neuroimage. 2004;23:35–45
  52. Stoub TR, deToledo-Morrell L, Stebbins GT, Leurgans S, Bennett DA, Shah RC. Hippocampal disconnection contributes to memory dysfunction in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103:10041–10045
  53. Strother SC, Anderson JR, Schaper KA, Sidtis JJ, Liow JS, Woods RP, et al. Principal component analysis and the scaled subprofile model compared to intersubject averaging and statistical parametric mapping: I. “Functional connectivity” of the human motor system studied with (15O)water PET. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1995;15:738–753
  54. Strother SC, Moeller JR, Sitidis JJ, Rottenberg DA. Using principal component analysis to identify a disease independent pattern of cerebral metabolic activation: the reticular activating system?. In:  Uemura K,  Lassen NA,  Kanno I editor. Quantification of Brain Function. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 1993;p. 491–498
  55. Syed GMS, Eagger S, O'Brien J, Barrett JJ, Levy R. Patterns of regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1992;13:656–663
  56. Systat 10 . Statistics. SPSS; 2000;
  57. Teipel SJ, Stahl R, Dietrich O, Schoenberg SO, Perneczky R, Bokde AL, et al. Multivariate network analysis of fiber tract integrity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage. 2007;34:985–995
  58. The Lund and Manchester Groups . Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1994;57:416–418
  59. Thurfjell L, Bohm C, Bengtsson E. CBA — an atlas based software tool used to facilitate the interpretation of neuroimaging data. Computer Methods & Programs in Biomedicine. 1995;4:51–71
  60. Van Heertum RL, Tikofsky RS. Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography brain imaging in the evaluation of Dementia. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 2003;33:77–85
  61. Worsley KJ, Marrett S, Neelin P, Vandal AC, Friston KJ, Evans AC. A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Human Brain Mapping. 1996;4:58–73
  62. Zuendorf G, Kerrouche N, Herholz K, Baron JC. Efficient principal component analysis for multivariate 3D voxel-based mapping of brain functional imaging data sets as applied to FDG-PET and normal aging. Human Brain Mapping. 2003;18:13–21

PII: S0925-4927(08)00116-9

doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.016

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 173, Issue 1 , Pages 8-14 , 15 July 2009