Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 148, Issue 2 , Pages 165-173 , 1 December 2006

Dopamine D2 receptor binding in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia examined with raclopride-C11 and positron emission tomography

  • Mirjam Talvik

      Affiliations

    • Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R4, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 517 72885; fax: +46 8 517 71753.
    • ,
  • Anna-Lena Nordström

      Affiliations

    • Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Yoshiro Okubo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603 Japan
    • ,
  • Hans Olsson

      Affiliations

    • Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Jacqueline Borg

      Affiliations

    • Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Christer Halldin

      Affiliations

    • Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Lars Farde

      Affiliations

    • Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Hospital R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

Received 16 September 2005 ,Revised 20 April 2006 ,Accepted 5 May 2006.

References 

  1. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, Zea-Ponce Y, Gil R, Kegeles LS, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. 2000;97:8104–8109
  2. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Swayze VW, Cizadlo T, Flaum M, O'Leary D, et al. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic image averaging. Science. 1994;266:294–298
  3. Antonini A, Leenders KL, Reist H, Thomann R, Beer HF, Locher J. Effect of age on D2 dopamine receptors in normal human brain measured by positron emission tomography and 11C-raclopride. Archives of Neurology. 1993;50:474–480
  4. Bergström M, Boëthius J, Eriksson L, Greitz T, Ribbe T, Widén L. Head fixation device for reproducible position alignment in transmission CT and positron emission tomography. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1981;5:136–141
  5. Blennow K, Bogdanovic N, Heilig M, Grenfeldt B, Karlsson I, Davidsson P. Reduction of the synaptic protein rab3a in the thalamus and connecting brain regions in post-mortem schizophrenic brains. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2000;107:1085–1097
  6. Buchsbaum MS, Someya T, Teng CY, Abel L, Chin S, Najafi A, et al. PET and MRI of the thalamus in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;153:191–199
  7. Byne W, Buchsbaum MS, Mattiace LA, Hazlett EA, Kemether E, Elhakem SL, et al. Postmortem assessment of thalamic nuclear volumes in subjects with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:59–65
  8. Bäumer H. Veränderungen des Thalamus bei Schizophrenie. Journal für Hirnforschung. 1954;1:156–172
  9. Christian BT, Buchsbaum MS. D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding in medication naive schizophrenics. Neuroimage. 2004;22:
  10. Crosson B, Hughes CW. Role of the thalamus in language: is it related to schizophrenic thought disorder?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:605–621
  11. Crow TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process?. British Medical Journal. 1980;280:66–68
  12. Cutting J. The role of right hemisphere dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;160:583–588
  13. Danos P, Baumann B, Bernstein HG, Franz M, Stauch R, Northoff G, et al. Schizophrenia and anteroventral thalamic nucleus: selective decrease of parvalbumin-immunoreactive thalamocortical projection neurons. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 1998;82:1–10
  14. Farde L. Brain imaging of schizophrenia—the dopamine hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;28:157–162
  15. Farde L, Wiesel F, Hall H, Halldin C, Stone-Elander S, Sedvall G. No D2 receptor increase in PET study of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987;44:671–672
  16. Farde L, Eriksson L, Blomquist G, Halldin C. Kinetic analysis of central [11C]raclopride binding to D2-dopamine receptors studied by PET—a comparison to the equilibrium analysis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1989;9:696–708
  17. Farde L, Wiesel F-A, Stone-Elander S, Halldin C, Nordström A-L, Hall H, et al. D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:213–219
  18. Gilbert AR, Rosenberg DR, Harenski K, Spencer S, Sweeney JA, Keshavan MS. Thalamic volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:618–624
  19. Hall H, Farde L, Christer H, Hurd YL, Pauli S, Sedvall G. Autoradiographic localization of extrastriatal D2-dopamine receptors in the human brain using [125I]epidepride. Synapse. 1996;23:115–123
  20. Hall H, Halldin C, Dijkstra D, Wikstrom H, Wise LD, Pugsley TA, et al. Autoradiographic localisation of D3-dopamine receptors in the human brain using the selective D3-dopamine receptor agonist (+)-[3H]PD 128907. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996;128:240–247
  21. Halldin C, Farde L, Högberg T, Hall H, Ström P, Ohlberger A, et al. A comparative PET-study of five carbon-11 or fluorine-18 labelled salicylamides. Preparation and in vitro dopamine D2 receptor binding. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part B, Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 1991;18:871–881
  22. Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Kemether E, Bloom R, Platholi J, Brickman AM, et al. Abnormal glucose metabolism in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:305–314
  23. Heckers S. Neuropathology of schizophrenia: cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and neurotransmitter-specific projection systems. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997;23:403–421
  24. Hietala J, Syvalahti E, Vuorio K, Nagren K, Lehikoinen P, Ruotsalainen U, et al. Striatal D2 dopamine receptor characteristics in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients studied with positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:116–123
  25. Hirvonen J, Aalto S, Lumme V, Någren K, Kajander J, Vilkman H, et al. Measurements of striatal and thalamic dopamine D2 receptor binding with [11C]raclopride. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2003;12:1207–1214
  26. Hoffman EJ, Huang SC, Phelps ME. Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 1. Effect of object size. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1979;3:299–308
  27. Jones EG. Cortical development and thalamic pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997;23:483–501
  28. Kaasinen V, Vilkman H, Hietala J, Nagren K, Helenius H, Olsson H, et al. Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neurobiology of Aging. 2000;21:683–688
  29. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  30. Kessler RM, Whetsell WO, Ansari MS, Votaw JR, de Paulis T, Clanton JA, et al. Identification of extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptors in postmortem human brain with [125I]epidepride. Brain Research. 1993;609:237–243
  31. Kiehl KA, Liddle PF. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of an auditory oddball task in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;48:159–171
  32. Lammertsma AA, Hume SP. Simplified reference tissue model for PET receptor studies. Neuroimage. 1996;4:153–158
  33. Laruelle M. Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia. A review and meta-analysis. The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1998;42:211–221
  34. Lewis DA, Cruz DA, Melchitzky DS, Pierri JN. Lamina-specific deficits in parvalbumin-immunoreactive varicosities in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia: evidence for fewer projections from the thalamus. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1411–1422
  35. Martinot JL, Peron-Magnan P, Huret JD, Mazoyer B, Baron JC, Boulenger JP, et al. Striatal D2 dopaminergic receptors assessed with positron emission tomography and [76Br]bromospiperone in untreated schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147:44–50
  36. Martinot JL, Pailleremartinot ML, Loch C, Hardy P, Poirier MF, Mazoyer B, et al. The estimated density of D2 striatal receptors in schizophrenia—a study with positron emission tomography and Br-76-bromolisuride. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;158:346–350
  37. Min SK, An SK, Jon DI, Lee JD. Positive and negative symptoms and regional cerebral perfusion in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients: a high-resolution SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 1999;90:159–168
  38. Nordström A-L, Farde L, Pauli S, Litton J-E, Halldin C. PET analysis of central [11C]raclopride binding in healthy young adults and schizophrenic patients—reliability and age effects. Human Psychopharmacology. 1992;7:157–165
  39. Nordström A-L, Farde L, Eriksson L, Halldin C. No elevated D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients revealed by positron emission tomography and [11C]N-methylspiperone. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 1995;61:67–83
  40. Pakkenberg B. Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:1023–1028
  41. Rinne JO, Hietala J, Ruotsalainen U, Sako E, Laihinen A, Nagren K, et al. Decrease in human striatal dopamine D2 receptor density with age: a PET study with [11C]raclopride. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1993;13:310–314
  42. Rubia K, Russell T, Bullmore ET, Soni W, Brammer MJ, Simmons A, et al. An fMRI study of reduced left prefrontal activation in schizophrenia during normal inhibitory function. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;52:47–55
  43. Schultz SK, Andreasen NC. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 1999;353:1425–1430
  44. Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;49:1–52
  45. Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996;
  46. Suhara T, Okubo Y, Yasuno F, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, et al. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:25–30
  47. Talvik M, Nordström A-L, Nyberg S, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L. No support for regional selectivity in clozapine-treated patients; a PET study with [11C]Raclopride and [11C]FLB 457. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:926–930
  48. Talvik M, Nordstrom AL, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L. Decreased thalamic D2/D3 receptor binding in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [11C]FLB 457. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;6:361–370
  49. Tune L, Wong D, Pearlson G, Strauss M, Young T, Shaya E, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor density estimates in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study with 11C-N-methylspiperone. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 1993;49:219–237
  50. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R, et al. Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature. 1997;386:830–833
  51. Volz HP, Nenadic I, Gaser C, Rammsayer T, Hager F, Sauer H. Time estimation in schizophrenia: an fMRI study at adjusted levels of difficulty. NeuroReport. 2001;12:313–316
  52. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gur R, Netusil N, et al. Age associated decrements in dopamine D2 receptors in thalamus and in temporal insula of human subjects. Life Science. 1996;59:PL31–PL35
  53. Weinberger DR. On localizing schizophrenic neuropathology. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997;23:537–540
  54. Wienhard K, Dahlbom M, Eriksson L, Michel C, Bruckbauer T, Pietrzyk U, et al. The ECAT EXACT HR: performance of a new high resolution positron scanner. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1994;18:110–118
  55. Wong DF, Wagner HN, Tune LE, Dannals RF, Pearlson GD, Links JM, et al. Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics. Science. 1986;234:1558–1563
  56. Yasuno F, Suhara T, Okubo Y, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, et al. Low dopamine D2 receptor binding in subregions of the thalamus in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:1016–1022
  57. Young AH, Blackwood DH, Roxborough H, McQueen JK, Martin MJ, Kean D. A magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: brain structure and clinical symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;158:158–164

☆ This study was performed at Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

PII: S0925-4927(06)00101-6

doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.05.009

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 148, Issue 2 , Pages 165-173 , 1 December 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution