Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 147, Issue 2 , Pages 173-186 , 30 October 2006

A morphometric magnetic resonance method for measuring cranial, facial and brain characteristics for application to schizophrenia: Part 1

  • Karin M. Henriksson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Hospital, Lund University, Barngatan 2, S- 221 85, Lund, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +46 46 17 77 87; fax: +46 46 17 60 27.
  • ,
  • Brendan D. Kelly

      Affiliations

    • St John of God Psychiatric Service, Co Dublin, Ireland
  • ,
  • Abbie Lane

      Affiliations

    • St John of God Psychiatric Service, Co Dublin, Ireland
  • ,
  • Roger Hult

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Image Analysis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
    • Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Human Brain Informatics (HUBIN), Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
  • ,
  • Thomas F. McNeil

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Hospital, Lund University, Barngatan 2, S- 221 85, Lund, Sweden
  • ,
  • Ingrid Agartz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Human Brain Informatics (HUBIN), Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway

Received 2 July 2004 ,Revised 26 September 2004 ,Accepted 14 February 2005.

References 

  1. Agartz I, Okuguwa G, Nordstrom M, Greitz D, Magnotta V, Sedvall G. Reliability and reproducibility of brain tissue volumetry from segmented MR scans. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001;251:255–261
  2. Allanson JE. Objective techniques for craniofacial assessment: what are the choices?. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997;70:1–5
  3. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition. Washington, DC: APA; 1987;
  4. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: APA; 1994;
  5. Andreasen NC, Cohen G, Harris G, Cizadlo T, Parkknen J, Rezai K, et al. Image processing for the study of brain structure and function: problems and programs. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1992;4:125–133
  6. Andreasen NC, Cizadlo T, Harris G, Swayze V, O'Leary DS, Cohen G, et al. Voxel processing techniques for the antemortem study of neuroanatomy and neuropathology using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1993;5:121–130
  7. Arnold SE, Ruscheinsky DD, Han LY. Further evidence of abnormal cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia using spatial point pattern analyses. Biological Psychiatry. 1997;42:639–647
  8. Bernstein HG, Krell D, Baumann B, Danos P, Falkai P, Diekmann S, et al. Morphometric studies of the entorhinal cortex in neuropsychiatric patients and controls: clusters of heterotopically displaced lamina II neurons are not indicative of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;33:125–132
  9. Bookstein FL. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991;
  10. Bookstein FL. Shape and the information in medical images: a decade of the morphometric synthesis. Computer Vision and Image Understanding. 1997;6:97–118
  11. Buckley PF, Dean D, Bookstein FL, Friedman L, Kwon D, Lewin JS, et al. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance-based morphometrics and ventricular dysmorphology in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45:62–67
  12. Casanova M, Daniel D, Goldberg T, Suddath R, Weinberger D. Shape analysis of the middle cranial fossa of schizophrenic patients. A computerized tomographic study. Schizophrenia Research. 1989;2:333–338
  13. DeQuardo JR. Landmark analysis of corpus callosum shape in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;46:1712–1714
  14. DeQuardo JR, Keshavan MS, Bookstein FL, Bagwell WW, Green WD, Sweeney JA, et al. Landmark-based morphometric analysis of first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45:1321–1328
  15. Diewert VM, Lozanoff S. Growth and morphogenesis of the human embryonic midface during primary palate formation analyzed in frontal sections. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology. 1993;13:162–183
  16. Diewert VM, Lozanoff S, Choy V. Computer reconstructions of human embryonic craniofacial morphology showing changes in relations between the face and brain during primary palate formation. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology. 1993;13:193–201
  17. Elizarraras-Rivas J, Fragoso-Herrera R, Cerdan-Sanchez LF, Ramos-Zepeda R, Barajas-Barajas LD, Troyo-Sanroman R, et al. Minor physical anomalies and anthropometric measures in schizophrenia: a pilot study from Mexico. Schizophrenia Research. 2003;62:285–287
  18. Farkas LG. Anthropometry of the Head and Face in Medicine. New York: Elsevier; 1981;
  19. Farkas LG, Bryson W, Klotz J. Is photogrammetry of the face reliable?. Plastic Reconstruction Surgery. 1980;66:346–355
  20. Fishler M, Bolles R. Random sample consencus: a paradigm for model setting with application to image analysis and automated cartography. Association for Computing Machinery. 1981;24:381–395
  21. Free SL, O'Higgins P, Maudgil DD, Dryden IL, Lemieux L, Fish DR, et al. Landmark-based morphometrics of the normal adult brain using MRI. Neuroimage. 2001;13:801–813
  22. Gewirtz G, Squires-Wheeler E, Sharif Z, Honer WG. Results of computerised tomography during first admission for psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;164:789–795
  23. Gibbons A. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. From field to lab, new insights on being human. Science. 2000;288:798–800
  24. Harris G, Andreasen NC, Cizadlo T, Bailey JM, Bockholt HJ, Magnotta VA, et al. Improving tissue classification in MRI: a three-dimensional multispectral discriminant analysis method with automated training class selection. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1999;23:144–154
  25. Hennessy RJ, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. 3D laser surface scanning and geometric morphometric analysis of craniofacial shape as an index of cerebro-craniofacial morphogenesis: initial application to sexual dimorphism. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;51:507–514
  26. Hennessy RJ, Lane A, Kinsella A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E, Waddington JL. 3D morphometrics of craniofacial dysmorphology reveals sex-specific asymmetries in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;67:261–268
  27. Honer W, Bassett A, Smith G, Lapointe J, Falkai P. Temporal lobe abnormalities in multigenerational families with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1994;36:737–743
  28. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1695–1702
  29. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: cognitive, neurological and other clinical correlates. Psychiatry Research. 2000;34:45–56
  30. Kjaer I. Human prenatal craniofacial development related to brain development under normal and pathologic conditions. Acta Odontologica Scandinavia. 1995;53:135–143
  31. Kjaer I, Keeling JW, Fisher Hansen B. The Prenatal Human Cranium—Normal and Pathologic Development. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1999;
  32. Krimer LS, Herman MM, Saunders RC, Boyd JC, Hyde TM, Carter JM, et al. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex. 1997;7:732–739
  33. Lane A, Kinsella A, Murphy P, Byrne M, Keenan J, Colgan K, et al. The anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins. Psychological Medicine. 1997;27:1155–1164
  34. Lieberman D. Basicranial influence on overall cranial shape. Journal of Human Evolution. 2000;38:291–315
  35. Lieberman D, Ross C, Ravosa M. The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and integration. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2000;suppl 31:117–169
  36. Maudgil DD, Free SL, Sisodiya SM, Lemieux L, Woermann FG, Fish DR, et al. Identifying homologous anatomical landmarks on reconstructed magnetic resonance images of the human cerebral cortical surface. Journal of Anatomy. 1998;193(Pt 4):559–571
  37. McGrath J, El-Saadi O, Grim V, Cardy S, Chapple B, Chant D, et al. Minor physical anomalies and quantitative measures of the head and face in patients with psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:458–464
  38. O'Callaghan E, Larkin C, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. Familial, obstetric, and other clinical correlates of minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148:479–483
  39. O'Callaghan E, Buckley P, Madigan C, Redmond O, Stack JP, Kinsella A, et al. The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbance in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry. 1995;38:516–524
  40. Okugawa G, Sedvall GC, Nordstrom M, Andreasen N, Pierson R, Magnotta V, et al. Selective reduction of the posterior superior vermis in men with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;55:61–67
  41. Okugawa G, Sedvall GC, Agartz I. Reduced grey and white matter volumes in the temporal lobe of male patients with chronic schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002;252:120–123
  42. Okugawa G, Sedvall GC, Agartz I. Smaller cerebellar vermis but not hemisphere volumes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:1614–1617
  43. Semendeferi K, Damasio H. The brain and its main anatomical subdivision in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evoltion. 2000;38:317–332
  44. Spitzer RL, Williams JB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1986;
  45. SPSS Inc (2001): SPSS Base 11.0 User's guide. Chicago.
  46. Thomas IT, Hintz RJ, Frias JL. New methods for quantitative and qualitative facial studies: an overview. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology. 1989;9:107–111
  47. Waddington JL, Lane A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: clinical clues from cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, and the roots of a lifetime trajectory of disease. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;46:31–39
  48. Waddington JL, Lane A, Scully P, Meagher D, Quinn J, Larkin C, et al. Early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia: a lifetime trajectory model from neurodevelopmental basis to ‘neuroprogressive' process. Psychiatry Research. 1999;33:477–489
  49. Ward RE, Jamison PL. Measurement precision and reliability in craniofacial anthropometry: implications and suggestions for clinical applications. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology. 1991;11:156–164
  50. Warkany J. Congenital Malformations. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publisher; 1971;

PII: S0925-4927(06)00062-X

doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.02.013

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
Volume 147, Issue 2 , Pages 173-186 , 30 October 2006